Peptide Database

Body Protection Compound-157

BPC-157 is the most widely studied recovery peptide in the grey-market research space, with extensive rodent data on tendon, ligament, muscle, and gastrointestinal healing plus cytoprotective effects against NSAID and alcohol damage. Community protocols cite 200–500mcg subcutaneously 1–2x daily in 4–6 week cycles, often stacked with TB-500 for orthopedic research. These doses are not clinically validated in humans, and pharmacokinetics and long-term safety in humans are not well characterized. Chad’s platform tracks CRP and IL-6 as the primary response markers and monitors liver enzymes for safety.

Ac-LKKTETQ (Thymosin β4 fragment 17-23)

TB-500 is a synthetic N-acetylated heptapeptide (Ac-LKKTETQ) corresponding to residues 17–23 of thymosin β4 — the actin-binding motif of the native 43-residue protein — not full-length Tβ4. Preclinical research on full-length Tβ4 has focused on cell migration, angiogenesis, cardiac repair, and corneal healing, but no controlled human efficacy trials of injected TB-500 exist. Vendor protocols cite roughly 2–2.5mg twice weekly for 4–6 weeks, then weekly maintenance, though none of these regimens have been validated in humans. Researchers monitor CRP, ESR, WBC, and ferritin to track inflammatory response. TB-500 is WADA-banned, and caution is warranted given Tβ4's angiogenic and pro-migratory effects on occult malignancy.

Elamipretide

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) developed by Hazel Szeto (Cornell) and clinically advanced by Stealth BioTherapeutics. It concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding cardiolipin. In September 2025, the FDA granted accelerated approval to elamipretide (brand name FORZINITY) as the first therapy for Barth syndrome — the first FDA-approved mitochondria-targeted drug. It remains investigational for other indications.

Oral BPC-157

Oral BPC-157 refers to stabilized oral preparations of the pentadecapeptide Body Protection Compound-157 (Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val), most commonly the arginate salt (sometimes acetate or enteric-coated capsules), intended to survive gastric transit and improve absorption versus the unformulated peptide. This entry covers the salt/stabilized formulations specifically; generic BPC-157 capsules without a salt-form claim are classified under the base BPC-157 entry.

Cibinetide

ARA-290 (Cibinetide) is a synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the helix-B surface of erythropoietin (EPO), developed by Araim Pharmaceuticals. It selectively activates the innate repair receptor (IRR) for anti-inflammatory, tissue-protective, and neuroprotective signaling without stimulating erythropoiesis. ARA-290 is not FDA-approved; it has received FDA Fast Track and Orphan Drug designations for sarcoidosis-associated small fiber neuropathy and remains in clinical development as of April 2026.

Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg

Cardiogen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg / AEDR) from the Khavinson bioregulator series, studied in Russian preclinical models for potential effects on cardiac-tissue gene expression and cardiomyocyte structural proteins. Not FDA-approved; no Western clinical trials have been performed, and all published evidence originates from a single research group.

Ala-Glu-Asp

Cartalax is a synthetic tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp / AED) from the Khavinson bioregulator series, studied in Russian preclinical models on fibroblast and chondrocyte cultures. Not FDA-approved; no Western clinical trials exist, and all published evidence originates from a single research group.

Wolverine Blend

Pre-mixed blend of BPC-157 and TB-500 (a synthetic Thymosin β4 fragment) in a single vial, marketed for tissue repair. This blend is not clinically validated; the evidence base is inferred from individual component peptides, both of which are grey-market research compounds with no FDA-approved human indications and no controlled human efficacy trials.

GLOW

Pre-mixed triple blend of GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 marketed for skin/tissue repair. This blend is not clinically validated; the evidence base is inferred from individual component peptides. None of the three compounds is FDA-approved as a drug (GHK-Cu is used in cosmetics), and no controlled trial has tested this combination.

FOX04-DRI

A synthetic D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4–p53 interaction and selectively trigger apoptosis in senescent cells (a 'senolytic'). Entirely experimental; no human trials.

Cortagen

A short synthetic peptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) from the Khavinson 'Cytomax/Cytogen' family, marketed for cartilage and connective-tissue support. Evidence is largely Russian-language and preclinical.

Ovagen

A short synthetic peptide bioregulator from the Khavinson family, marketed for liver and intestinal/immune support. Evidence is largely Russian-language and preclinical.

KLOW

Pre-mixed four-compound blend adding KPV (the C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH) to the GLOW stack (GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500). This blend is not clinically validated; the evidence base is inferred from individual component peptides. No controlled human trial has tested this combination.

Lys-Glu-Asp

Vesugen is a synthetic tripeptide, Lys-Glu-Asp (KED), from the Khavinson short-peptide 'bioregulator' series, positioned as a short-peptide analog of a bovine vascular-tissue polypeptide complex and claimed to be vasoprotective. Marketed on the Russian/Ukrainian grey market; not FDA-approved in the US; research-use only.

bpc157ghkcu

Grey-market vendor blend combining BPC-157 (a synthetic peptide derived from a rodent gastric protein) and GHK-Cu (a copper tripeptide). This blend is not clinically validated; any discussion of effects is extrapolated from individual-component research, with no human trials of the combination itself.

tb500ghkcu

Grey-market vendor blend combining TB-500 (a synthetic heptapeptide fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, not full-length Tβ4) and GHK-Cu (a copper tripeptide). This blend is not clinically validated; evidence is extrapolated from individual-component research, and no human trials of the combination exist.

kpvghkcu

Grey-market vendor blend combining KPV (Lys-Pro-Val, the C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH) and GHK-Cu (a copper tripeptide). This blend is not clinically validated; no human trials of the combination exist, and evidence for each component is extrapolated from preclinical or topical studies.

Semaglutide (GLP-1 agonist)

Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic), chronic weight management plus CV risk reduction in obesity (Wegovy), and oral type 2 diabetes (Rybelsus). It works by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, delaying gastric emptying, and reducing appetite through central GLP-1 receptor activation. Per the FDA Wegovy label, titrate every 4 weeks: 0.25 → 0.5 → 1.0 → 1.7 → 2.4 mg weekly. Ozempic (T2DM) maxes at 2.0 mg weekly. Carries a boxed warning for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and MEN 2. HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin, a full lipid panel, and liver enzymes are the standard biomarkers researchers track, with CRP sometimes added to monitor inflammatory changes.

Tirzepatide (GIP/GLP-1 dual receptor agonist — Mounjaro, Zepbound)

Tirzepatide is a dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor co-agonist FDA-approved as Mounjaro (type 2 diabetes, 2022) and Zepbound (chronic weight management, 2023; moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea with obesity, 2024). Weekly SubQ dosing titrates 2.5 → 5 → 7.5 → 10 → 12.5 → 15 mg, with 4-week intervals between increases per FDA label. In SURPASS-2 it outperformed semaglutide 1 mg for A1C and weight; SURMOUNT-1 showed up to ~20.9% mean body-weight reduction at 15 mg over 72 weeks. Carries a BOXED WARNING for thyroid C-cell tumors — contraindicated with personal/family history of MTC or MEN 2. Common AEs are GI (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea); serious risks include pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, hypoglycemia when combined with insulin or sulfonylureas, AKI from volume depletion, and diabetic retinopathy complications. HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin, lipid panel, CRP, and body composition are the standard biomarkers researchers track.

Retatrutide (LY3437943 — GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon triple agonist)

Retatrutide (LY3437943) is Eli Lilly's investigational triple-agonist peptide activating GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors in parallel, and it remains research-only — it is NOT FDA-approved as of April 2026. The glucagon-receptor arm is what distinguishes it from tirzepatide: glucagon agonism drives thermogenesis, hepatic fat mobilization, and energy expenditure on top of the appetite-suppression and insulin-sensitizing effects of GLP-1/GIP. Published Phase 2 data showed approximately 24% mean body weight loss at 48 weeks on 12 mg weekly (Jastreboff, NEJM 2023), with parallel Phase 2 programs in T2D (Rosenstock, Lancet 2023) and MASLD (Sanyal, Nat Med 2024). The Phase 3 TRIUMPH program is ongoing with anticipated NDA filing in 2026. Phase 3 trials titrate from 2 mg to 12 mg weekly subcutaneously; the compound has a half-life of roughly 6 days, supporting once-weekly dosing. Researchers monitor HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin, full lipid panel, liver enzymes (ALT/AST), body composition, and especially heart rate — a consistent ~7 bpm elevation is a class effect that warrants monitoring.

Mitochondrial Open reading frame of the Twelve S rRNA type-c

MOTS-c is a 16 amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (sequence MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA — reported by Lee, Cohen, and colleagues at USC in 2015. Preclinical research focuses on AMPK activation in skeletal muscle, increased glucose uptake, and fatty acid oxidation. Human clinical data are limited to a single Phase 1a/1b study of the modified analog CB4211 (CohBar), which reported acceptable tolerability but mixed exploratory readouts; CohBar divested from the program and wound down in 2023. Grey-market protocols commonly use ~10mg subcutaneously 2–3 times per week in 4–8 week cycles, but this dosing is not clinically validated. Fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, lactate, and CRP are the biomarkers typically tracked.

Anti-Obesity Drug 9604

AOD-9604 is a 16-amino-acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (residues 177-191) with an additional N-terminal tyrosine. Developed by Metabolic Pharmaceuticals (Australia) to isolate a purported 'lipolytic' activity of GH without GH-receptor-mediated growth or diabetogenic effects. AOD-9604 is NOT FDA-approved for any indication; controlled human trials for obesity did not demonstrate clinically meaningful weight loss, and obesity development was terminated in 2007.

5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium

5-Amino-1MQ is a small heterocyclic molecule (not a peptide) that acts as a selective, membrane-permeable inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). It is under preclinical investigation for obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It is not FDA-approved and has not completed human clinical trials; it is commonly tracked alongside peptides because grey-market vendors sell it for metabolic protocols.

Victoza

Liraglutide is an FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Victoza (type 2 diabetes, approved 2010) and Saxenda (chronic weight management, approved 2014). It was the first GLP-1 analog approved for obesity and carries an FDA boxed warning for the risk of thyroid C-cell tumors. Pediatric indications include type 2 diabetes in patients ≥10 years (Victoza) and obesity in patients ≥12 years with BMI ≥95th percentile (Saxenda).

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme present in all living cells, not a peptide. It is classified here alongside peptides for user convenience in the anti-aging / metabolic category. NAD+ plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism and redox reactions and is studied for its involvement in mitochondrial function, DNA-damage signaling via sirtuins and PARPs, and age-associated metabolic decline. IV NAD+ is not FDA-approved for any clinical indication; it is administered off-label through compounding pharmacies and functional-medicine clinics with limited rigorous outcome data.

NN9838

Cagrilintide is a long-acting acylated amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk. It is investigational and not FDA-approved; Novo Nordisk's lead development path is the CagriSema co-formulation with semaglutide for weight management. Monotherapy cagrilintide was evaluated in Phase 2 but was deprioritized in favor of the combination.

FOXO4-D-Retro-Inverso

FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction in senescent cells. It is studied as a senolytic agent that selectively induces apoptosis in senescent cells while sparing normal cells.

Pancragen

A short synthetic peptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) from the Khavinson family, marketed for pancreatic/metabolic support. Evidence is largely Russian-language and preclinical.

IBI362

Mazdutide is a dual GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist licensed from Eli Lilly to Innovent Biologics for Greater China. Approved by China's NMPA in June 2025 for chronic weight management and in September 2025 for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes; NOT FDA-approved in the US.

BI 456906

Survodutide is a dual GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist co-developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma. NOT FDA-approved; received FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation in 2024 for non-cirrhotic MASH with moderate/advanced fibrosis. Phase 3 ongoing (SYNCHRONIZE in obesity/T2DM; LIVERAGE and LIVERAGE-Cirrhosis in MASH).

LY3502970

Orforglipron (brand name Foundayo) is Eli Lilly's oral non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist. Unlike oral semaglutide (Rybelsus), it does not require the SNAC absorption enhancer or fasting/water restrictions — it can be taken any time of day. Not a peptide.

NS2330

Tesofensine is a small-molecule triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) — NOT a peptide. Originally developed by NeuroSearch for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (which it failed to benefit) and repositioned for obesity by Saniona. Not FDA-approved in the US.

FTPP

Adipotide (FTPP) is a chimeric peptidomimetic developed in the Arap/Pasqualini lab (originally at MD Anderson) that couples a 9-residue homing motif (CKGGRAKDC) — isolated by in vivo phage display as a ligand for prohibitin on white-adipose-tissue vasculature — to the D-amino-acid pro-apoptotic domain D(KLAKLAK)2. It is an experimental research compound, NOT FDA-approved for any indication. A clinical-development program in prostate-cancer-associated obesity reached early-phase testing and was ultimately discontinued.

cagrisema

CagriSema is Novo Nordisk's investigational once-weekly fixed-dose co-formulation of cagrilintide 2.4 mg (long-acting amylin analog) with semaglutide 2.4 mg (GLP-1 receptor agonist) for chronic weight management. Unlike the other grey-market blends, it has a proper Phase 3 clinical program. Novo Nordisk filed an FDA NDA in December 2025; as of April 2026 it is under FDA review and not yet approved.

CJC-1295 (no DAC) + Ipamorelin blend

CJC-1295 (no DAC / Modified GRF 1-29) and Ipamorelin are commonly marketed together as a GH-secretagogue stack. CJC-1295 (no DAC) binds the pituitary GHRH receptor and Ipamorelin selectively activates GHS-R1a without meaningful cortisol or prolactin elevation (Raun et al., 1998). GHRH + GHRP synergy for amplifying pulsatile GH release is an established concept in human physiology studies of other pairs (e.g., GHRH + GHRP-2; Veldhuis & Bowers, 2009), but the specific CJC-1295 (no DAC) + Ipamorelin combination has not been tested in a controlled human efficacy trial. Grey-market dosing (commonly 100mcg CJC-1295 + 200–300mcg Ipamorelin SubQ before bed) is not clinically validated. IMPORTANT: this blend uses CJC-1295 WITHOUT DAC only — the DAC form is a different, long-acting molecule and must not be substituted.

IPA

Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide (Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) originally developed by Novo Nordisk and later advanced by Helsinn/Nycomed. It is a selective ghrelin receptor agonist / growth hormone secretagogue (GHRP). Its defining feature versus older GHRPs (GHRP-2, GHRP-6, hexarelin) is that in preclinical and early clinical studies it raised GH without meaningfully increasing ACTH, cortisol, or prolactin. It is not FDA-approved for any indication; a Phase 2 trial for postoperative ileus failed to meet its primary endpoint and clinical development was discontinued. In the wellness/grey market it is sold as a research chemical and used off-label for anti-aging and body-composition goals despite no clinically validated human dose for those uses.

CJC-1295 with DAC

CJC-1295 is a synthetic tetrasubstituted analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) originally developed by ConjuChem. The name historically refers to the DAC-modified (Drug Affinity Complex) form that covalently binds serum albumin, producing a 6–8 day half-life; a separate no-DAC form (also called Modified GRF 1-29) shares the same tetrasubstituted backbone but lacks the albumin-linking maleimidopropionyl-lysine and has a half-life of roughly 30 minutes. Not FDA-approved in any form; ConjuChem halted Phase 2 development around 2007 after a patient death in an HIV-lipodystrophy trial (ultimately judged by investigators to be unrelated to the drug, but development was terminated regardless).

Geref

Sermorelin is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) consisting of the first 29 amino acids of the 44-aa native hormone — the shortest fragment that retains full biological activity. It was FDA-approved in the 1990s as Geref (EMD Serono) for diagnostic testing of pituitary GH reserve and later for pediatric idiopathic GH deficiency, but was withdrawn from the US market in 2008–2009 at the manufacturer's request for commercial reasons (not safety or efficacy). It remains on the FDA Category 1 list of bulk substances nominated for use in 503A compounding, where it is now widely prescribed off-label for adult GH insufficiency and "anti-aging" indications.

Egrifta

Tesamorelin (Egrifta / Egrifta SV) is a stabilized analog of human GHRH(1-44) with a trans-3-hexenoic acid moiety at the N-terminus that protects against protease degradation. FDA-approved in November 2010 for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy, it is the only FDA-approved GHRH analog for this indication. Off-label use for general body composition and visceral fat reduction in non-HIV populations is common but outside the approved label.

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2

GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist that stimulates pituitary growth hormone release. It is approved in Japan (Kaken Pharmaceutical, 2004) as a single-dose diagnostic agent for GH deficiency, but is NOT FDA-approved in the US and is research-only. Unlike ipamorelin, GHRP-2 is non-selective and modestly raises ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin.

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6

GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide (His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin receptor agonist. Developed by Bowers and Momany and first described in 1984, it was the first synthetic GHRP characterized and is defined by its pronounced appetite-stimulating effect — the strongest of any clinically studied GHRP. It has never been approved by the FDA or any regulatory agency and remains a research-only compound used off-label in the grey market.

PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor

PEG-MGF is the pegylated form of Mechano Growth Factor (MGF), the distinct 24-amino-acid C-terminal E-peptide encoded by the IGF-1Ec splice variant (IGF-1Eb in rodents) that is transiently upregulated in muscle after mechanical loading or damage. MGF is related to but pharmacologically distinct from mature IGF-1 and IGF-1 LR3. Pegylation extends its half-life from minutes to several hours, and the compound is marketed as a research chemical for muscle repair protocols. It is not FDA-approved for any indication.

Ibutamoren

MK-677 (ibutamoren, MK-0677, L-163,191) is an orally active, non-peptide small-molecule growth hormone secretagogue developed by Merck in the 1990s. It is a spiropiperidine ghrelin-receptor (GHSR-1a) agonist — not a peptide and not a SARM, though it is commonly misclassified as both in grey-market retail. Merck discontinued development after mixed efficacy and adverse metabolic / cardiovascular findings; it is not FDA-approved.

Testolone

RAD-140 (testolone) is a non-steroidal small-molecule selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) — not a peptide — developed by Radius Health. It is NOT FDA-approved for any indication. Grey-market use for bodybuilding is associated with documented drug-induced liver injury (hepatotoxicity), testosterone suppression, and adverse cardiovascular effects. It is a WADA-prohibited substance. It is tracked in peptide-research spaces because of overlapping grey-market performance use.

Long R3 IGF-1

IGF-1 LR3 is an 83-amino-acid modified IGF-1 analog with a 13-residue N-terminal extension (MFPAMPLSSLFVN) and an Arg-3 substitution. These modifications reduce binding to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), extending effective half-life and increasing tissue bioavailability relative to native IGF-1. It is a research/cell-culture reagent and is NOT FDA-approved for any human use. Do not confuse with mecasermin (Increlex), which is recombinant human IGF-1 and IS FDA-approved for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency.

SLUPP332

SLU-PP-332 is a small-molecule (non-peptide) pan-agonist of estrogen-related receptors ERRα/β/γ developed at Saint Louis University. Studied preclinically as an exercise mimetic in rodents, it has no human clinical data and is NOT FDA-approved. Sold only as a grey-market research chemical.

FS-344

Follistatin 344 is a recombinant form of the naturally-occurring glycoprotein (344-residue splice variant) that inhibits activin and myostatin signaling. Clinical validation exists ONLY through small AAV gene-therapy phase 1/2 trials in Becker muscular dystrophy; recombinant injectable protein sold on the grey market has no clinical evidence. NOT FDA-approved. WADA-prohibited (myostatin inhibitor) and banned in competitive sport.

ACVR2B-Fc

ACE-031 (ramatercept) is a soluble fusion protein of the activin receptor IIB (ActRIIB) extracellular domain and human IgG1 Fc, developed by Acceleron Pharma as a myostatin/activin ligand trap for muscle-wasting disorders. Clinical development was HALTED in 2011 after unexpected vascular adverse events (epistaxis, telangiectasia) attributed to off-target BMP-9/10 inhibition. NOT FDA-approved; all further development was terminated. Now sold only as a grey-market research chemical. WADA-prohibited (myostatin inhibitor).

IGF

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, a 70-amino-acid peptide hormone that mediates many of growth hormone's anabolic effects. Recombinant IGF-1 (mecasermin) is FDA-approved for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency; non-prescription 'research' use for muscle growth is off-label and unproven.

Selank (TP-7)

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics (Russian Academy of Sciences) by extending tuftsin with a Pro-Gly-Pro stability sequence. It is registered in Russia as a prescription anxiolytic (0.15% nasal solution) for generalized anxiety disorder and asthenic conditions; it is not approved by the FDA or EMA and the clinical evidence base is primarily Russian-language literature. Research has focused on positive allosteric modulation of GABA-A receptors, inhibition of enkephalin degradation, BDNF expression, and tuftsin-derived immunomodulation. Russian clinical dosing is approximately 300mcg per dose (2–3 drops per nostril of the 0.15% solution) 2–3 times daily in 2–4 week cycles. Grey-market subcutaneous dosing (250–1000mcg/day) is not clinically validated.

Semax (ACTH(4-10) analog, Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro)

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) consisting of the ACTH(4-7) core with a Pro-Gly-Pro C-terminal extension that blocks enzymatic degradation. It was synthesized at the Institute of Molecular Genetics (Russian Academy of Sciences) by the Ashmarin/Myasoedov group and registered in Russia in 1994 as intranasal drops in 0.1% (cognitive/asthenic indications) and 1% (acute ischemic stroke, optic nerve disease) concentrations. Research has focused on BDNF/TrkB upregulation, NGF expression, melanocortin receptor activity, and modulation of monoaminergic tone. Because Semax lacks the C-terminal steroidogenic portion of ACTH, it does not activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Russian clinical dosing ranges from ~200–600mcg/day intranasal for cognitive/asthenic use up to ~6000mcg/day for acute stroke protocols. Grey-market subcutaneous use (250–1000mcg/day) is not clinically validated. BDNF and validated cognitive scales are the biomarkers most often tracked in research; the primary evidence base is Russian-language literature.

PNB-0408

Dihexa (PNB-0408) is a small-molecule hexapeptide-like analog of angiotensin IV developed at Washington State University by the Harding/Wright group as a preclinical candidate for Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline. It is NOT FDA-approved and has never been tested in human clinical trials. The often-quoted claim that it is 'roughly ten million times more potent than BDNF' refers to EC50 comparisons in an in vitro dendritic spine assay, not clinical efficacy.

PE 22-28

PE-22-28 is a 7-amino-acid synthetic analog of spadin, a peptide fragment (residues 22-28) of the 44-aa propeptide (PE) released during post-translational maturation of sortilin (the neurotensin receptor-3). It is studied in preclinical models as a fast-acting antidepressant that works by selectively blocking the TREK-1 two-pore potassium channel. There is no established use for hair growth — that is a separate compound and the two should not be confused.

FPF-1070

Cerebrolysin is not a single peptide but a complex biologic produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of purified porcine brain tissue, containing low-molecular-weight peptides (<10 kDa) and free amino acids. Manufactured by EVER Pharma (Austria), it is registered in 50+ countries (Europe, Asia, Russia, Latin America) for ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia, but is NOT FDA-approved in the United States.

HN

Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. It was discovered through its ability to protect neurons from Alzheimer's disease-related toxicity and is studied for neuroprotection, metabolic regulation, and anti-aging applications.

EDR

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) from the Khavinson bioregulator series, studied for its potential role in regulating pineal gland function and neuroprotective signaling pathways in preclinical models.

Semax/Selank

Pre-mixed blend of Semax (an ACTH(4-10) analog) and Selank (a heptapeptide tuftsin analog), both developed at the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics. The individual compounds are registered as prescription drugs in Russia (intranasal); neither is FDA- or EMA-approved. The blend itself is NOT clinically validated — no controlled trial has tested Semax and Selank co-administered.

N-acetyl Semax amidate adamantylated

Adamax is a grey-market nootropic peptide developed and sold by the Mexico-based vendor Ceretropic. It is marketed as a Semax derivative: N-acetyl Semax amide (Ac-MEHFPGP-NH2) with an adamantane (adamantyl-glycine) moiety appended at the C-terminus, reportedly intended to improve metabolic stability and blood-brain-barrier penetration. It is NOT an ADNP / NAP / davunetide analog despite some online descriptions conflating it with those compounds. Adamax has no indexed peer-reviewed literature of its own; all claimed effects are extrapolated from Semax data plus anecdotal user reports.

P021

P21 (also P021) is a small peptidergic compound — the tetrapeptide core Asp-Gly-Gly-Leu with an N-terminal acetyl and a C-terminal adamantylated glycine amide (Ac-DGGL(A)G-NH2) — derived from an active region (residues ~148–151) of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). It was designed and characterized in the Khalid Iqbal laboratory at the New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (NYS IBR). It is an experimental, preclinical compound — NOT FDA-approved and NOT tested in humans in published trials. Distinct from the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein p21/CDKN1A/WAF1 (a completely different gene product; the two share only the name).

Thymalfasin (trade name Zadaxin)

Thymosin Alpha-1 (trade name Zadaxin / Thymalfasin) is a 28 amino acid acetylated peptide corresponding to the N-terminus of prothymosin alpha. It is approved in more than 35 countries for hepatitis B and C treatment and as an immune adjuvant for vaccines and certain cancers, but is NOT FDA-approved in the US — Phase 3 HCV trials ended without approval. Research focuses on TLR2/TLR9-driven dendritic cell activation, T-cell maturation, NK cytotoxicity, and cytokine balancing of innate and adaptive immune responses. The Zadaxin label dose is 1.6mg SubQ twice weekly; grey-market research protocols often use 1.6–3.2mg SubQ 2x/week in 4–8 week cycles. Researchers track WBC, CD4/CD8 ratio, NK cells, and immunoglobulin panels (IgG, IgA, IgM) as primary response biomarkers. US regulatory status: was on FDA 503A interim Category 1 bulks list, moved to Category 2 in 2023, nominator withdrew in September 2024, and on December 4, 2024 the FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted AGAINST inclusion on the 503A Bulks List.

Cathelicidin

LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide — a 37-amino-acid peptide (starting with two leucines) cleaved from the hCAP-18 precursor. It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory roles, but is also implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis, rosacea, and lupus. Not FDA-approved; research-use only.

VIP

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide of the secretin/glucagon family, widely distributed in the CNS and peripheral nervous system. It is a potent vasodilator, bronchodilator, and immunomodulator. Synthetic VIP (aviptadil) has been investigated in clinical trials for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure; it is NOT FDA-approved. Intranasal compounded VIP is used off-label in the controversial 'CIRS' (Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) / mold-illness protocol popularized by Ritchie Shoemaker — CIRS is not a mainstream medical diagnosis.

Facteur Thymique Serique (FTS)

Thymulin is a zinc-dependent nonapeptide (pGlu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn) secreted by thymic epithelial cells, originally isolated by Bach and colleagues in the 1970s as 'facteur thymique sérique' (FTS). It is NOT the same compound as Thymalin (a Russian bovine thymus extract) or Thymosin alpha-1 (a separate 28-amino-acid thymic peptide). Thymulin is not FDA-approved; use is research/investigational only.

GSH

Glutathione is an endogenous tripeptide (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) that serves as the principal intracellular antioxidant in mammalian cells. It is not FDA-approved as a drug in the US; parenteral glutathione is used off-label (and in some compounding settings) for oxidative stress, hepatic support, and — controversially — skin lightening. The FDA has warned against injectable glutathione for skin lightening (2019) due to reports of serious adverse events.

Gut Matrix

Enteric-coated oral capsule blend of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), BPC-157 arginate, KPV, and N-acetyl larazotide, marketed for gut-barrier / GI support. A vendor-formulated combination; not clinically validated as a blend. Evidence is component-level only.

PNC27

An experimental p53-derived peptide studied for selective membrane disruption of cancer cells. Strictly preclinical; no approved or validated human use.

Bronchogen

A short synthetic peptide bioregulator (Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu) from the Khavinson family, marketed for bronchial/respiratory tissue support. Evidence is largely Russian-language and preclinical.

Chonluten

A short synthetic peptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Gly) from the Khavinson family, marketed for bronchial/lung epithelium support. Evidence is largely Russian-language and preclinical.

thymalinum

Thymalin is a heterogeneous polypeptide extract from calf thymus (a mixture, not a single defined peptide) developed in the 1970s by V. Kh. Khavinson and V. G. Morozov at the Military Medical Academy / St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Registered as a pharmaceutical in the USSR/Russia for immunocorrection. Distinct from Thymulin (Bach's zinc-dependent nonapeptide pGlu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn, originally called FTS) and from Thymosin alpha-1 (a 28-amino-acid synthetic peptide). Not FDA-approved in the US; research-use only.

Thymagen

Thymogen (also marketed as Thymagen) is a synthetic dipeptide, L-Glu-L-Trp (Glu-Trp), originally isolated by the Khavinson group from the calf-thymus polypeptide complex Thymalin and then synthesized. It is registered as a pharmaceutical in Russia for immunocorrection (nasal drops / IM injection). Not FDA-approved in the US; research-use only.

Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala

Livagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala / KEDA) from the Khavinson short-peptide 'bioregulator' series, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Marketed in Russia primarily as a food-supplement-grade cytomax; not FDA-approved in the US; research-use only.

Lys-Glu

Vilon is a synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu / KE) from the Khavinson bioregulator series, originally derived from thymus extracts and studied in Russian preclinical models as an immunomodulator and geroprotector. Not FDA-approved; all published evidence originates from a single research group.

ta1thymalin

Vendor 'TA-1 Complex' blend combining Thymosin Alpha-1 (Zadaxin; approved in some countries for hepatitis B/C, not FDA-approved in the US) with Thymalin (a Russian calf-thymus polypeptide extract associated with the Khavinson research program). This blend is not clinically validated; no trials have studied the combination itself.

KP-10

Kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) is the 10-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of kisspeptin (the KISS1 gene product, also called metastin) that retains full biological activity. It is an investigational signaling peptide that sits at the top of the reproductive axis and is studied for fertility, hypogonadism, and as a diagnostic challenge. It is not FDA-approved.

GnRH

Gonadorelin is a synthetic decapeptide identical to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH/LHRH; sequence pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2). It was historically FDA-approved as Factrel (diagnostic GnRH stimulation test) and Lutrepulse (pulsatile IV pump for hypothalamic amenorrhea); both products are discontinued in the US. Gonadorelin remains on the FDA Category 1 bulk substances list and is widely compounded, most commonly as an off-label adjunct to TRT intended to preserve HPG-axis signaling.

Androxal

Enclomiphene is the trans-stereoisomer of clomiphene citrate, a non-steroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that stimulates endogenous testosterone production. It is not a peptide, but is widely tracked in the peptide and TRT community as an off-label, compounded alternative to testosterone replacement therapy for men who wish to preserve fertility. Clomiphene itself is a ~60:40 mixture of enclomiphene (trans, estrogen-antagonist) and zuclomiphene (cis, weak long-acting estrogen-agonist); isolating the trans-isomer is intended to deliver the HPG-axis effect without the zuclomiphene-driven side effects.

Pitocin (IV obstetric)

Oxytocin is a nine-amino acid peptide hormone (Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, with a disulfide bridge between Cys1 and Cys6) produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. The synthetic form (Pitocin) is FDA-approved as IV/IM injection for labor induction/augmentation and postpartum hemorrhage control. Intranasal oxytocin is NOT FDA-approved and is used off-label or in research settings for social/behavioral indications, where evidence is mixed.

Examorelin

Hexarelin (His-D-2MeTrp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue developed by Mediolanum (Italy) in the 1990s. It is a potent ghrelin-receptor (GHSR-1a) agonist that also binds the CD36 scavenger receptor, giving it a cardioprotective signal distinct from other GHRPs. It is not FDA-approved for any indication and remains a research-only compound; its clinical development for GH deficiency and cardiac indications did not reach approval. A defining feature versus other GHRPs is rapid, pronounced tachyphylaxis with chronic daily dosing.

Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly

Testagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly / KEDG) from the Khavinson bioregulator series, claimed to target testicular tissue. Not FDA-approved. Evidence base is extremely thin, with essentially no independently replicated or peer-reviewed support for the advertised reproductive or endocrine benefits in humans.

Tesa/Ipa

Pre-mixed blend of Tesamorelin (a stabilized GHRH(1-44) analog) and Ipamorelin (a selective ghrelin-receptor agonist). Tesamorelin is FDA-approved as Egrifta for HIV-associated lipodystrophy; Ipamorelin is not FDA-approved. The blend itself is NOT clinically validated — no controlled trial has tested Tesamorelin co-administered with Ipamorelin. Evidence is inferred from the individual components.

prostamaxum

Prostamax is a Khavinson-series 'peptide bioregulator' associated with the synthetic tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro (KEDP), positioned as a short-peptide analog of bovine prostate extracts (in the same Russian product family as Prostatilen / Vitaprost). It is marketed on the Russian/Ukrainian grey market as a dietary peptide for prostate support; not an FDA-approved drug and not a substitute for evaluated BPH or prostatitis therapies. Research-use only in the US.

Lysine-Proline-Valine (alpha-MSH 11-13)

KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH (residues 11-13) and the smallest alpha-MSH fragment shown to retain anti-inflammatory activity. Preclinical work demonstrates intracellular NF-kB inhibition and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta). Unlike full-length alpha-MSH or melanocortin agonists (MT-I, MT-II), KPV does not meaningfully activate MC1R and does not cause skin pigmentation. A significant portion of the research (notably the Merlin group at Georgia State) focuses on inflammatory bowel disease using oral nanoparticle/conjugate delivery that exploits PepT1 uptake. Grey-market protocols commonly use 200–1000mcg daily subcutaneously or orally in 4–8 week cycles, but this dosing is not clinically validated and no controlled human trials have been published. CRP, calprotectin, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha are the biomarkers typically tracked.

MT-2

Melanotan II (MT-II) is a cyclic heptapeptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) — Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 — developed at the University of Arizona in the 1980s by Hruby, Hadley, and colleagues as a candidate photoprotection / sunless-tanning agent. It has never been approved by the FDA or any other regulator for any indication; clinical development was abandoned and it is sold only via grey-market research-chemical channels. Genuine safety signals have been reported, including darkening of existing moles, eruptive atypical nevi, and case reports of new primary melanoma in young tanning-seeking users.

AHK Copper Peptide

AHK-Cu is a copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys-Cu) structurally related to GHK-Cu, studied in dermatological research for its role in extracellular matrix remodeling and hair follicle signaling.

Afamelanotide

Melanotan I (Afamelanotide) is a synthetic analog of alpha-MSH that selectively activates MC1R. FDA-approved as Scenesse for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), it is distinct from Melanotan II and is studied for melanogenesis and photoprotection.

Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine

GHK is the parent tripeptide Gly-His-Lys, originally isolated from human plasma by Loren Pickart (1973) as an activity that caused aged hepatocytes to synthesize proteins like younger tissue. It is DISTINCT from GHK-Cu, the 1:1 copper(II) complex tracked as a separate entry — but GHK binds copper readily in vivo, so in physiological environments the bare peptide rapidly associates with available Cu(II). Not FDA-approved for any indication; used in cosmetic and research contexts only.

Acetyl Octapeptide-3

SNAP-8 is a topical cosmetic peptide derived from SNAP-25, marketed as an alternative to topical Argireline for expression-line reduction.

Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine Copper

GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the human tripeptide Gly-His-Lys, first identified in plasma by Loren Pickart in 1973. Peer-reviewed evidence is strongest for TOPICAL use — controlled human studies of ~2% creams show improvements in photoaged skin (fine lines, firmness, density). Microarray work by Pickart and colleagues reports modulation of thousands of genes involved in tissue repair, DNA repair, antioxidant defense, and anti-inflammation. Subcutaneous injection is a grey-market practice without controlled human trial support; community SubQ protocols typically use 1–2 mg but have no clinically validated dose. Researchers monitoring SubQ use often track serum copper, ceruloplasmin, and ferritin.

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a nine-amino-acid peptide first isolated by Schoenenberger and Monnier in 1977 from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits during electrically induced sleep. Despite decades of study, no DSIP-specific receptor or gene has been identified, and mechanism is genuinely uncertain. Early reports suggested selective enhancement of delta-wave sleep, but later work shows variable and often small effects on sleep architecture. Small clinical studies (mostly pre-2000, largely in Europe and Russia) have examined DSIP in chronic insomnia, chronic pain, alcohol/opioid withdrawal, narcolepsy, and depression; none progressed to Phase 3 trials and DSIP is not FDA-approved. Grey-market community use is typically 100–1000mcg subcutaneously pre-bed for 3–10 days; this practice is not clinically validated. Effects on cortisol, melatonin, GH, and DHEA have been reported inconsistently.

Bremelanotide

PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist derived from Melanotan II. Unlike PDE5 inhibitors, it acts centrally on MC4R in the medial preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus rather than on peripheral vasculature, modulating dopaminergic and oxytocinergic arousal pathways. It is FDA-approved as Vyleesi for premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder at 1.75mg subcutaneously as needed, at least 45 minutes before anticipated activity — not a chronic or cycled therapy. Male use is off-label and grey-market. Researchers should screen for cardiovascular disease and monitor blood pressure, since transient ~6 mmHg SBP elevation is the most consistent finding; nausea (~40%) is the most common adverse event, and focal hyperpigmentation can occur with repeated dosing.

Epitalon (AEDG, synthetic analog of Epithalamin)

Epitalon (also Epithalon, AEDG) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology as a synthetic analog of the bovine pineal extract Epithalamin. Khavinson-group in vitro work reports hTERT/telomerase upregulation and telomere elongation; open-label studies in elderly Russian patients report melatonin-rhythm normalization and reduced mortality over 6–12 year follow-up. These findings have significant methodological limitations and have NOT been independently replicated in rigorous Western controlled trials. Not FDA-approved; no Phase 2/3 trials. Grey-market dosing of 5–10mg SubQ daily in short 10–20 day cycles 1–2 times per year is not clinically validated. A theoretical concern exists that telomerase upregulation could support growth of occult malignancy.