What is the difference between Fasoracetam and Lemairamin?

Fasoracetam: Fasoracetam (NS-105, NFC-1) is a non-peptide racetam-class small molecule characterized as a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activator that also modulates acetylcholine release and GABA-B sign... Lemairamin: Lemairamin is a non-peptide small-molecule cinnamamide alkaloid (N-phenethyl cinnamide) natural product, not approved for human use in any jurisdiction. All available data are preclinical (rodent, zeb...

What does the research say about Fasoracetam vs Lemairamin?

Fasoracetam: Human data exist but the compound is not approved anywhere. The best-sourced human study is a completed Phase 1 open-label single-dose PK/single-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation trial of NFC-1 (fasoracetam) in 30 adolescents (age 12–17) with ADHD carrying mGluR-network gene variants (NCT02286817; Elia et al. 2018, Nature Communications). CG… Lemairamin: No human data exist. No completed or registered human clinical trials were located on ClinicalTrials.gov, and no PubMed-indexed human pharmacokinetic, safety, or efficacy studies exist. All available data are preclinical: In transgenic Alzheimer's mice, gx-50 disassembled Aβ oligomers, decreased cortical Aβ accumulation, inhibited Aβ-induced neuron…

Fasoracetam vs Lemairamin

Q: Can you stack Fasoracetam and Lemairamin?

Fasoracetam (cognitive) and Lemairamin (cognitive) are in the same category and may have overlapping mechanisms — researchers should review both profiles carefully before combining. Consult a licensed provider before combining any compounds.

Head-to-head comparison of Fasoracetam and Lemairamin — mechanism, side effects, legal status, and pricing.

Fasoracetam

Fasoracetam (NS-105, NFC-1) is a non-peptide racetam-class small molecule characterized as a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activator that also modulates acetylcholine release and GABA-B signaling. A single Phase 1 trial in 30 adolescents with ADHD and mGluR-network gene variants showed clinical improvement on CGI scales, but broader development was discontinued and fasoracetam has never been approved in any jurisdiction. It is sold only as an unregulated research chemical/nootropic.

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Lemairamin

Lemairamin is a non-peptide small-molecule cinnamamide alkaloid (N-phenethyl cinnamide) natural product, not approved for human use in any jurisdiction. All available data are preclinical (rodent, zebrafish, C. elegans, in vitro, and computational). It is sold exclusively as an unregulated 'research chemical' explicitly labeled 'not for human consumption'; quality, purity, and identity are not independently verified by any regulatory body. No human clinical trials, pharmacokinetic studies, or safety data exist.

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Fasoracetam

Lemairamin

Category

Cognitive

Legal Status

Research Only

Mechanism

Fasoracetam is characterized in the human trial literature and rodent pharmacology as a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activator/modulator rather than a classical ionotropic glutamate agent. Rodent studies (Shirayama et al., 1999) demonstrated that it increases acetylcholine release in the cerebral cortex, enhances high-affinity choline uptake in cortex and hippocampus without changing choline acetyltransferase activity, and reverses memory disruption induced by the GABA-B agonist baclofen—suggesting a dual mechanism of facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission and suppressing GABA-B-receptor-mediated responses. No receptor-binding affinity (Ki/EC50) data for specific mGluR subtypes have been located in primary sources.

Reported in preclinical (rodent, cell-culture, in-silico) work as an agonist/activator of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR). Proposed threads include: (1) α7 nAChR activation driving JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine release from microglia; (2) spinal α7 nAChR activation linked to IL-10 and beta-endorphin release from microglia, producing antinociceptive effects in rodent pain models; (3) direct biophysical interaction with amyloid-beta oligomers/protofibrils in vitro, disassembling preformed Aβ42 aggregates and inhibiting Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis and calcium dysregulation in transgenic AD mouse models. These are distinct, only partially connected preclinical threads; no unified human pharmacology has been established.

Side Effects

Headache (63.3% in NCT02286817 trial)

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Fasoracetam

Best $/mg

$0.021/mg

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Lemairamin

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Lab Verification

COA corpus from Disclosed Labs — independently tested batches only.

Fasoracetam

COAs

99.7%

Avg purity

Labs

Full testing data

Lemairamin

COAs

99.8%

Avg purity

Labs

Full testing data

Fasoracetam Research Summary

Human data exist but the compound is not approved anywhere. The best-sourced human study is a completed Phase 1 open-label single-dose PK/single-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation trial of NFC-1 (fasoracetam) in 30 adolescents (age 12–17) with ADHD carrying mGluR-network gene variants (NCT02286817; Elia et al. 2018, Nature Communications). CGI-I improved from 3.79 to 2.33 and CGI-S from 4.83 to 3.86 from baseline to week 5 (both P<0.001) in this small, largely uncontrolled sample. In rats (Wistar), fasoracetam reversed memory disruption across scopolamine-, NBM-lesion-, AF64A-, cerebral-ischemia-, baclofen-, and ECS-induced amnesia models, increased cortical acetylcholine release, and enhanced high-affinity choline uptake in cortex and hippocampus (Shirayama et al., 1999).

Key references

Lemairamin Research Summary

No human data exist. No completed or registered human clinical trials were located on ClinicalTrials.gov, and no PubMed-indexed human pharmacokinetic, safety, or efficacy studies exist. All available data are preclinical: In transgenic Alzheimer's mice, gx-50 disassembled Aβ oligomers, decreased cortical Aβ accumulation, inhibited Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis and calcium toxicity, improved Morris water maze performance, and was reported to cross the blood-brain barrier (Tang et al. 2013). In mouse and rat pain models (formalin tonic, neuropathic, bone-cancer pain), subcutaneous and intrathecal lemairamin dose-dependently reduced pain hypersensitivity/mechanical allodynia without evident tolerance, linked to spinal α7 nAChR activation and downstream IL-10/β-endorphin release (Wang et al. 2020). Murine microglial cell cultures showed gx-50 activation of α7 nAChR engaged JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (Shi et al. 2016). Zebrafish DSS-induced colitis models showed lemairamin attenuated intestinal inflammation via Akt signaling (2024). C. elegans studies reported WGX-50 promoted markers of healthy ageing (daf-16/skn-1 longevity genes, 2025).

Can you stack Fasoracetam and Lemairamin?

Fasoracetam and Lemairamin are both in the Cognitive category and may have overlapping mechanisms. Researchers should review both profiles carefully, understand the mechanisms of action, and monitor the relevant biomarkers when combining compounds in the same class. As always, consult a licensed healthcare provider before making any decisions about combining research compounds.

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This platform provides informational tools only, not medical advice. This comparison is for educational purposes only. Consult a licensed provider.