FOXO4-DRI vs GHK

Metabolic

Cosmetic

Research Only

Research Only

In senescent cells, FOXO4 sequesters p53 in PML nuclear bodies, preventing apoptosis. FOXO4-DRI competitively disrupts this interaction, releasing p53 to trigger the intrinsic apoptosis cascade. The D-retro-inverso modification (D-amino acids in reverse sequence) resists protease degradation while maintaining binding affinity. Selectivity arises because the FOXO4-p53 interaction is specifically upregulated in senescent cells.

GHK is a high-affinity ligand for copper(II), forming the GHK-Cu complex that mediates most of its documented biology. Via the copper-bound form, GHK is proposed to modulate expression of a large number of human genes (microarray and Broad Institute Connectivity Map analyses from Pickart's group), including pathways related to extracellular matrix remodeling, antioxidant response element induction, angiogenesis, and DNA repair. Reported in vitro and preclinical effects include stimulation of fibroblast collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis and acceleration of wound healing. The bare (non-copper) peptide is typically weaker than GHK-Cu in these assays and is generally assumed to acquire copper in serum-containing environments.

5-10mg/kg

50–200 ppm topical (~0.005–0.02%)

SubQ, IV

Topical